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Robert Mack Bell (born July 6, 1943) is an American lawyer and jurist from Baltimore, Maryland. From 1996 to 2013, he served as Chief Judge on the Maryland Court of Appeals, the highest court in the state. He was the first African American to hold the position. At 16 years old, Bell was the lead plaintiff in ''Bell v. Maryland'', a case that ultimately helped push the U.S. toward desegregation. Bell served as a judge at every level of the Maryland court system; and on July 6, 2013, reached the state's mandatory retirement age of 70 years for appellate and circuit court judges. ==Background== Born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, Bell's mother, a sharecropper, moved him and his two brothers to East Baltimore when he was one and a half years old.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Justice Matters )〕 He attended Dunbar High School with classmate and friend Reginald F. Lewis.〔 As a 16-year-old, he and a group of students participated in a sit-in to protest racial segregation at a local restaurant.〔 On June 17, 1960, the group of 12 students entered Hooper's Restaurant, formerly located at Charles and Fayette Streets in downtown Baltimore, where they were refused service and asked to leave. The students, including Bell, refused.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Students conduct sit-in at local restaurant; June 1960 )〕 He and the other students were arrested and convicted in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City for criminal trespassing, and fined $10.〔 The NAACP hired a team of lawyers, including Thurgood Marshall and Juanita Jackson Mitchell, to represent the students and appeal the conviction to the Maryland Court of Appeals.〔 The appellants argued that the use of the state's trespassing laws to support segregation of public accommodations violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Teaching American History in Maryland )〕 In 1962, the Court of Appeals upheld the decision of the circuit court.〔 The case was then appealed to the U.S Supreme Court, where Bell was represented by Constance Baker Motley and Jack Greenberg. In ''Bell v. Maryland'' (1964), the Supreme Court, noting that in the period since the students' conviction the Maryland General Assembly passed public accommodation laws and Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, refused to rule whether the state's trespassing laws could be used to exclude blacks from public accommodations. The Court vacated the decision and remanded the case to allow the state court to rule whether the conviction should be reversed due to the change in state law.〔〔 On April 9, 1965, Bell's conviction was reversed by the state Court of Appeals and all of the students were cleared of all charges.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Desegregation of Maryland's Restaurants: ''Robert Mack Bell v. Maryland'' )〕 The decision of the Supreme Court came just two days after the Senate ended a filibuster and passed the Civil Rights Act. It has been suggested that the Supreme Court refrained from reaching the merits of the case in consideration of the pending civil rights legislation, as had it done so, it would have eliminated the basis for passing the Act. Bell later attended and graduated with a B.A. in history from Morgan State University in Baltimore in 1966 and while there became a brother in Alpha Phi Omega. He then was admitted to Harvard Law School where he earned his J.D. in 1969. That same year he was admitted to the bar and began his legal practice in Baltimore.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Robert M. Bell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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